ylphorhx on Mancouch

Monday, 24 August 2009

HONOR THEM

When I was young I read about the Trojan war; I studied Homer's writings for clues about such traits of personality or character possessed by the ancient heroes. I studied the Old Testament Book of Judges. Fascinated, I watched the film To Hell And Back; the story of Audie Murphy, Medal of Honor recipient and most decorated soldier of World War II.

I am not a hero but I have served in the company of heroes. More and more it seems nowadays we are living in an era of heroes.

In the latest conflict there have been heroes, as there have been in any and all wars of the past, mostly anonymous. Just recently I learned of a friend's stepfather's funeral at Arlington. A company commander in World War II, he fought with Patton; in a near ambush he was wounded by Germans three times on the same day, then returned to serve with his men on the front lines. For this heroism he received a single Purple Heart medal. He went on to serve his country in other capacities, working out of embassies in Africa and Southeast Asia. I didn't know it at the time, but while I was escorting his daughter to high school dances, this man was a prisoner of the Pathet Lao Communists. If I could have made it to Arlington that day, I would have worn my dress blues to honor this hero.

Three names immediately come to mind:

Captain Chesley N. Sullenberger, the nerves-of-steel pilot of US Airways Flight 1549 who safely his disabled aircraft in the East River and saved his entire compliment of passengers and crew from certain death.

Captain Richard Phillips of the MV Maersk-Alabama, who put himself in harms way, offering himself as hostage to the Somali pirates in exchange for the safety of his crew.

Colonel, US Army (Retired) Rick Rescorla. Born and raised in England, join the British military at age sixteen and fought against Communists in Cyprus and Rhodesia, then came to America, enlisted in the US Army and went to Vietnam with the 7th Cavalry - Custer's old outfit - and fought in the legendary Battle of Ia Drang. On Sept. 11th 2001, Rick Rescorla was vice-president in charge of security at Morgan Stanley Dean Witter. His office was on the forty-fourth floor of the south tower of the World Trade Center. The firm occupied twenty-two floors in the South Tower. After the plane hit his building, the Port Authority told him not to evacuate and to order people to stay at their desks.

Instead, Rescorla ensured that every one of his firm's employees was safely evacuated, then took some of his security men back INTO the burning building to make a final sweep, to make sure no one was left behind, injured, or lost. Rick did not make it out. Neither did two of his security officers who were at his side, but only three other Morgan Stanley employees died when their building was obliterated. In this final act of heroism, Rick Rescorla saved the lives of over 2600 employees of Dean Whitter.

Of course, there are the 4900+ men and women who have given the ultimate sacrifice in the subsequent campaigns of the Global War on Terror.

Some 640,000+ gave all in the wars of the 20th Century: 25 Somalia (including 18 in the Battle of Mogadishu); 113 Gulf War I; 24 Operation JUST CAUSE Panama; 240+ Lebanon peacekeeping operations; 19 Operation URGENT FURY Grenada; 13 Operation POWER PACK Dominican Republic; 58,000+ Vietnam; 36,500+ Korea (latest casualty US Army CWO David Hilemon in 1994); 416,800+ World War II; 116,708+ World War I; 4100+ the Philippine War; 2900+ Spanish-American War;

Some 675,000+ Americans who died in the wars preceding: (including 620,000+ KIA or died of wounds and disease in the Civil War; 13,200+ Mexican War; 700+ Texas War of Independence; 17,000+ War of 1812; 24,000+ American Revolution).

The numbers listed above do not include Americans killed in politically-motivated terrorist acts, to include the 18 American servicemen & civilians killed during my time in the Philippines 1988-1989.

They are all heroes. We must honor them.
Presentations on The Roman Empire: Political Propoganda in The Aeneid

by Gregory Elder, professor of history and humanities at Riverside Community College, Redlands, California
"Unlike Homeric literature or "Gilgamesh," which were produced orally over a long period of time, "The Aeneid" was a composition by one man. At the end of the Roman civil war, shortly before the time of Christ, the emperor Octavian Caesar Augustus hired Virgil to write a poem to rival the great epic sagas of Greece to glorify the Roman state, and in the process glorify Caesar as well.
Virgil's task was all the more difficult, because Augustus Caesar had ended five centuries of republican democracy and replaced it with a military monarchy, which is a hard feat to legitimize. Virgil accepted the commission for a million gold coins and spent the rest of his life writing poetry. He was almost done when he took ill and died, but before his death he ordered the manuscripts burned. Caesar intervened and the imperialist manuscript was saved for posterity. For the next four centuries of the Roman Empire it was the required study of all educated people, and it remained popular in the Middle Ages right down to the modern day.

To glorify the emperor, Virgil avoided tacky subjects such as Caesar's mass executions and proscriptions or Roman war fleets sending their fellow Romans down to the bottom of the sea. Instead, he wrote a poem of the founding of the Roman people in remote antiquity by the alleged ancestor of Augustus, Aeneas, the last surviving prince of Troy. To justify the emperor, Virgil praised the emperor's ancestor who had lived 12 centuries before.
The saga opens with a storm, wrought by the blind fury of the goddess Juno, the vengeful queen of heaven. Juno was still angry at the Trojans because their prince, Paris, had favored Venus in the famous beauty contest of the goddesses. Juno also knew that her favorite people, the Carthaginians, would one day be destroyed by the heirs of the Trojans, the Romans. And so the furious goddess summoned her brother Neptune to call forth a great ocean storm, which pulverized the fleet and washed the survivors onto the shores of Africa, far from Rome and far from home. Virgil's gods and goddesses are quite simple: angry women, idiotic bimbos and wise men. Its not a subtle stereotype to use.
Once he survived the storm, pious Aeneas rallies his fellow survivors of the shipwreck and discovers the city of Carthage and its widow queen, Dido. Matronly Dido assists the shipwrecked Trojans and welcomes them at a banquet, which turns out to be her undoing. Dido asks Aeneas to tell the story of his adventures and he replies with the story of the Trojan Horse and the sack of his city by the cunning Greeks. Romans who heard this story would have doubtless smiled, for it justified their own recent conquest of Greece as appropriate payback. In the tale, Aeneas would have preferred to go down with his kinsmen fighting to the end, as all Romans should, but the gods commanded him to flee the doomed city and to found a new city in the west. As the hero tells the tale, Cupid, that most dangerous sniper of the gods, fires one of his arrows of love into the queen's heart and she falls in love with the Trojan Aeneas. After a short courtship, they end up in a "committed relationship," as we would say these days.
But this love affair irritates Jupiter, the king of the heavens. The high god has ordained that from the Trojan bloodline a people will be raised up to dominate the world forever, and bring order and law to savage peoples from Arabia to Britain, from Germany to Africa. For the Romans, love was a kind of madness, a weakness, which prevented men from clear thinking. Were they right in this, I ask my students" To remind the hero of his duty, Jupiter sends Mercury, the messenger god, to order Aeneas back to active duty and to abandon his love. Aeneas attempts to do this secretly, but his lover discovers his plans to abandon her in the night. She pleads with him and reminds him of their love. Aeneas replies that he never really regarded the relationship as permanent and decides to go. Apparently, men have not changed significantly since this tale was written. But when Aeneas turns to go, Dido curses him and his descendants and prophesies the Punic wars as vengeance, which will bring vast suffering to Rome in the third century B.C.
After many trials, Aeneas and his men land in Italy. But Aeneas knows, as all Romans believed, that dad is always right. But the hero was unable to consult his father because the old man had died. But in order to obey the will of the gods, he still had to speak with the old man. The solution he found, after consulting a prophetess, was to find the path to the land of the dead and visit his father in the underworld. Crossing the river Styx, he meets the dead, including many of the fallen heroes of the Trojan war, and sadly also meets the soul of Dido, who has taken her own life. When he attempts to comfort her, she scorns him and flees into the gloom. At this point in the poem, my female students generally agree that he deserved the snub.
But entering the sunny, grassy fields of Elysium, where heroes are to be found, he meets his father, who shows him a long line of great souls waiting to be born. Aeneas" father points out all the great heroes of Roman history yet to come, except the ones Augustus disliked. Aeneas then sees Caesar Augustus himself, the divinely favored crown of all Roman history. Setting such political propaganda on one side, it's worth noting that the actual Caesar Augustus is the same chap who gets a cameo mention in the New Testament's Christmas story, when "in those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be enrolled." This decree, the Scripture tells us, caused Joseph and Mary to go to Bethlehem, near Jerusalem, and there Christ was born. (Luke 2:1) There is an irony here that Virgil's prophecy of an abiding religious empire to be founded in the days of Caesar did indeed come true, but not in the way Virgil or Augustus could have possibly imagined.
After all of this grand prophesy, the hero's father reminds his son of Rome's unique destiny, which was greater than all other nations. He writes, "Others will cast more tenderly in bronze Their breathing figures, I can well believe, And bring more lifelike portraits out of marble Argue more eloquently, use the pointer To trace the paths of heaven accurately And accurately foretell the rising stars.
Roman, remember your strength to rule Earth's peoples " for your arts are to be these to pacify, to impose the rule of law, to spare the conquered, battle down the proud." ("The Aeneid" VI: ll.1145-1154, Fitzgerald translation) Six more chapters of war and conquest will follow this prophecy, but one note remains to be considered while Aeneas is in the underworld. When the time comes to leave the dead and return to the earth, Aeneas is confronted with two doors, one of ivory and one of horn. Through these doors dreams are sent out to the minds of sleeping men, prophetic and true dreams through the door of horn and false dreams through the door of ivory. Virgil tells us that Aeneas took the ivory door, the door of falsehood.
It is odd that Virgil makes the noble ancestor of great Augustus pass through the door of lies before returning to earth to found the Roman line. But it is just a stray verse and one hardly notices it. Indeed, the verse is just small enough to get past the emperor's censors. Perhaps Virgil was sending a quiet message to his more perceptive readers that the whole of his message extolling Augustus and his "divine mission" was actually a lie and a fantasy. Political propaganda, however magnificent and beautiful, and even from the pen of the greatest of authors, remains only that " propaganda. There is a lesson here for modern readers to heed."
Give Us Liberty: Where's Paul Revere When You Need Him? The Crisis

Where's Paul Revere When You Need Him?
The Crisis
FROM CANADA FREE PRESS

By Jim O'Neill Thursday, August 6, 2009

Attentive readers will remember that I talked about the “moral equivalent of war” in my last article. I’m going to start this article out by discussing that phrase, and its implications, in a little more depth.
What is it about war, that the Left could possibly find alluring? Quite simply, it’s the fact that mobilizing the population for war enables grand social schemes to be implemented.

It isn’t actual war per se, that attracts the Left, but the opportunity it affords the Left for radical social experimentation.

But wars can be expensive, unpopular, and inconveniently short. So what to do, what to do? Enter the concept of the “moral equivalent” of a war—a social crisis—the bigger the better.

Given that it so nicely fits the requirements of a “moral equivalent of war,” one could be forgiven for thinking that the current economic crisis was planned.

One might also be forgiven for thinking that a secret cabal orchestrated, and is continuing to orchestrate, the current economic crisis. What a swell crisis to use as a cover to foist all sorts of social engineering projects on a distracted American public .

Also, besides social engineering, I should mention the more mundane allures of lust for power, and greed, as motivating factors. It’s worth noting that Goldman Sachs, who has its tentacles throughout our government, has been one of the few corporations to profit handsomely from the whole mess

In the 1960s, two Columbia University (a school Obama attended) professors named Cloward and Piven came up with a refinement of the “moral equivalent of war”—the eponymous Cloward-Piven Strategy.

In an article that appeared in “The Washington Times” last fall, Robert Chandler had this to say about the economic crisis: “There is plenty of blame to go around for the financial crash. Yet, there is a distinct odor of the shadowy Cloward-Piven strategy as the taproot of abusive practices that triggered the crisis. The strategy’s goal is to bring about the fall of capitalism by overloading and undermining government bureaucracy.”

Robert Chandler is a retired Air Force colonel, and former strategist for the White House, the Departments of State, Defense, Energy and Justice, and the CIA, so it’s possible that he actually knows what he’s talking about.

Last fall, when his article appeared, Chandler may have been dismissed as some sort of conspiracy-theory nut, but these days he looks like he was channeling King Solomon. If you haven’t done so yet, you should read his short article. His uncommonly clear-sighted view of things can be read here:

I mentioned earlier a cabal. A cabal, as you know, is a clique that seeks power (usually through intrigue). When a cabal rules a country, it is called an oligarchy—a small group of individuals controlling the rest of the people. I believe that an oligarchy of some sort is what we currently have running the United States.

A reader sent me the link to an entertaining video that explains what an oligarchy is, and the video also explains the other various forms of government, and why America is a republic, and not a democracy.

If you have a friend who is politically uninformed, or misinformed, and doesn’t like to read—you might want to consider duct-taping them to a chair, and inviting them to view this video, at their leisure. I’m sure that they’ll find it to be a relatively painless experience.

The video contains information that is required knowledge in these times, and it’s only ten minutes long, so there’s really no excuse not to watch it. You can find it below:

In one of my articles that appeared in CFP during the Presidential Campaign, I compared Obama to a “Well Groomed Trojan Horse,” poised to enter the White House. These days, I see him more as a “Red Herring.”

If a cabal, or oligarchy is the “power behind the throne,” then it’s simply short-sighted to focus exclusively on Obama. Nobody’s clever enough, on their own, to think up and manipulate all of the things we see in play today. I mean, Obama’s bright, but nobody’s that bright.

I would liken Obama to a street magician who rivets an audience’s attention, while his cohorts pick their pockets. Yes, Obama bears close scrutiny, of course, but not to the exclusion of his accomplices—visible, and invisible.

For example, it would behoove us to keep a close eye on Van Viess and the Apollo Alliance. And lest we forget—Goldman Sachs, ACORN, SEIU, and all of the legal weasels that are shredding the Constitution, and—well, the list just goes on and on, doesn’t it?

Mentioning the Constitution brings to mind an email from a reader—a fellow veteran, of my age. He reminded me that when we were sworn into the armed forces we took an oath to defend the Constitution “against all enemies, foreign and domestic.” It was the first sentence in the oath, because it was considered to be of paramount importance.

I don’t know what kind of oath the U. S. military takes these days, but I still feel an allegiance to the oath I took, back in the day.

I received a new U.S. Passport recently (not that I’m considering leaving, mind you), and was pleased to find in it the following quote, concerning the Constitution, opposite my personal data and photo.

“We the People Of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

Don’t interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our liberties

The above quote is, of course, the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791. The Constitution not only guarantees us our rights, but perhaps more importantly, restrains the government from running rough-shod over us. The Constitution is vitally important to our freedom.

Abraham Lincoln said, ”Don’t interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our liberties.” Amen.

The Left plays fast and loose with the Constitution, and is fond of bypassing the people’s vote by “legislating from the bench.” The Constitution is little more than a joke and a nuisance to the radical left. To them, the quicker it’s shredded, the better.

It is precisely because the Constitution limits what they can do, that the radical left despises it so. They see the Constitution as nothing more than an impediment to their plans for us—their socially engineered people’s utopia.

Never-mind that all such efforts at establishing a utopia have historically ended in failure—usually accompanied by Orwellian regimes and murder on a vast scale.

The grand-daddy of all collectivist movements—the French Revolution—was a blood-bath. The “workers utopia” of Lenin and Stalin saw millions murdered. The Communist regime of Pol Pot saw millions murdered. The Socialist dictatorship of Hitler saw millions die—many in concentration camps. Some estimates of the number of deaths under the Collectivist regime of Mao, run as high as 67 million. I could go on.

One definition of insanity, is doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting different results. Yet the Obama Administration, and many in Congress, want to attempt to turn the U.S. into yet another collectivist “utopian” experiment.

I believe that the United States of America is currently facing the greatest threat to its existence since the Civil War. Sticking a ”Don’t Blame Me, I Voted For McCain” sticker on your bumper, and going your merry way, isn’t going to cut it.

The sentiment famously expressed by Thomas Paine in 1776 is apropos. The following quote is taken from a series of articles he wrote called “The Crisis.”

“These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he [and she] that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.”

Some people, possessing a decidedly more optimistic view of things than myself, feel that Obama will simply be a one-term President, and we’ll clean up the mess after he leaves. I don’t believe that the oligarchy has any intention of allowing free elections in 2012.

I believe that organizations are, as you read this, quietly putting into place stratagems that will guarantee that Obama (or whatever “front-man” the cabal chooses) is elected President in 2012. If we even have elections.

Yeah, I think it’s every bit that bad.

In closing, let me return to the words of Lincoln again, and say that I pray that enough patriotic Americans awaken in time, so that our “government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth.”

Jim O'Neill:
Born in June of 1951 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Jim O’Neill proudly served in the U.S. Navy from 1970-1974 in both UDT-21 (Underwater Demolition Team) and SEAL Team Two. A member of MENSA, he worked as a commercial diver in the waters off Scotland, India, and the United States. In 1998 while attending the University of South Florida as a journalism student, O’Neill won “First Place” in the “Carol Burnett/University of Hawaii AEJMC Research in Journalism Ethics Award. The annual contest was set up by Carol Burnett with the money she won from successfully suing the National Enquirer for libel.

Jim can be reached at: Letters@canadafreepress.com
book review: shelby foote's civil war trilogy

SHELBY FOOTE'S CIVIL WAR TRILOGY REVIEWED BY JOHN CHUCKMAN, April 6, 2005

Shelby Foote's trilogy of the American Civil War has been called America's Iliad and Odyssey, and in some ways it is an apt comparison.

The Trojan War certainly held a comparable place for ancient Greeks as America's Civil War holds for contemporary Americans. I've always wondered why this should be so.

I think there are several major reasons. First, the anvil of the Civil War is where America's rise to world power is hammered out. Lincoln, in the long-term view, is less the Patriarch who frees slaves than he is the successful Corporate Lawyer who forges the nation into a feared industrial and military power. The Civil War is revolutionary for America's status, just as the Great War marked the beginning of the decline for Great Britain.

Second, in a country that has never really quite experienced the horrors of war in the modern era (American deaths for example in World War Two were a little more than half of one-percent of the fifty million lives total, and losses in the First War were almost insignificant out of total losses), the Civil War stands as America's time of great sacrifice and bloodshed.

There is also the myth and color around the nature of the Old South, stuff about gentlemen, honor, and manliness. Southerners certainly accepted this dreamy view, at least the small number with money, while the other dirt-poor farmers were bound to them through dread of Blacks and the feared effects of slavery's end. Northerners, too, came to accept the colorful myths, and many still do. Southern culture of course was based on slavery, and it was a brutal culture in many aspects, but America has never really come to grips with slavery in its history, and the myths are appealing.

Mr. Foote collected some wonderful, colorful anecdotes about the daring deeds or marvelous escapes of leading characters in his long narrative. The telling of these tales does remind one of Homer's various intense scenes with leading characters preparing for or engaging in combat. These come like delightful arias in a long opera.

Certainly, Mr. Foote has captured the great panorama of the Civil War, at least in its military aspects. Some might think the three-thousand pages of narrative a bit excessive, but fans of the Civil War and those who like a good yarn that lasts and lasts will greatly enjoy the books.

Comparisons with Homer may be taken too far. Homer was a poet. Shelby Foote's prose are sturdy and workman-like.

Mr. Foote does not deal with all political, social, and economic dimensions of the Civil War, but then that isn't his job, just as it wasn't Homer's.

This raises a possible philosophical criticism of the work. To a certain extent, with the work's color and sweep and bold deeds, Mr. Foote could be charged somewhat with helping to perpetuate the myths of the Old South, but this is not a point I would want to insist on because those who want to fully understand the Civil War must read other books. This one does just what it sets out to do.
Humanities Program Blog: Story List for Kids Humanities Program
To start with, this is pretty much just a port of the post over on DarwinCatholic on "the great stories". Contribs, please feel free to just edit this post to add bullets. Think ages 6-9 for these stories.

When the main site is up, I'll move this over as a table of contents so we can start writing the stories. (Date ranges are of course also open for negotiation -- and some unit studies or special topics collections might also be in order.)

Book One: Before Christ

Ancient Times
- What is History
- Ancient Times
- paleolithic/neolithic
- development of agriculture
- the first cities
- the bronze age
- stone henge
- something about the pyramids
- the story of King Tut
- story of Isis and Osiris
- Hathor/Sekhmet and the Nile flooding
- Akhenaten
- mummies (include afterlife, Book of the Dead, Ma'at)
- Sumer/Babylon/Ur
- [more stuff on fertile crescant civilization to balance egypt]
- Sumerian/Babylonian version of Flood Story
- Old Testament
- Noah (as contrast with pagan version)
- Abraham & Isaac
- Exodus
- Judith
- Saul
- Esther
- Susannah
- Tobit
- David
- Solomon
- Sampson
- Ruth
- Maccabees
- Stories from Ancient Greece
- Prometheus
- Oedipus
- Apollo & Daphne
- Orestes
- Persephone
- Pandora
- Trojan War
- wanderings of Odysseus
- Jason and the Argonauts
- The Minotaur
- Icarus
- Orpheus
- Cupid & Psyche
- Battle of Marathon
- Battle of Thermopylae
- The Peloponessian War
- a little about Plato and Aristotle
- a little about Greek drama
- conquests of Alexander the Great
- the Gordian Knot
- Archimedes
- Empedocles (he threw himself into a volcano!)
- Stories from Ancient Rome
- Aeneas
- Romulus and Remus
- Cincinnatus
- the guy in Livy who burned his hand off
- the Brothers Gracchus
- Hannibal
- Cleopatra
- Horatius on the bridge
- Julius Caesar (must include pirate story -- kidnapped by pirates is good)
- Cleopatra
- Boadicea
- Augustus
- Nero
Book Two: 33AD to 1300
- Stories from the New Testament
- birth of Christ
- major parables and miracles
- crucifixion and resurrection
- St. Paul
- St. Stephen
- other early martyrs (Perpetua & Felicity)
- More Rome
- the 'barbarian' tribes
- Roman Britain
- Constantine
- Helena
- St. Augustine
- St. Benedict
- fall of Rome
- Attila the Hun and Pope Leo;
- 'Dark Ages' through Medieval
- King Arthur
- Beowulf
- Clovis
- Byzantium
- Mohammad & Islam
- St. Patrick & St. Brigid
- Charlemagne (must include his learning to read, his elephant)
- Celtic monasteries
- vikings (raids, exploration, myths, conversion)
- Norman conquest
- crusades
- St. Thomas Becket
- Saladin
- Eleanor of Aquitaine
- King Richard/King John
- Robin Hood
- St. Francis (should include wolf of Gubbio and preaching to Sultan) & St. Claire
- St. Dominic
- St. Thomas Aquinas;
Book Three: 1300 to 1776
- Joan of Ark
- Henry V & Agincourt (sp?)
- the 100 Years War
- Dante's Journey through the Afterlife
- Famous artists of the Renaissance
- Building of St. Peter's
- Martin Luther
- the Reformation
- the counter-Reformation
- St. Teresa of Avila (include childhood attempt at martyrdom)
  St. John of the Cross
- Baroque art
- Baroque music
- Henry VIII
- Thomas Moore
- Life of Shakespeare
- Stories from Shakespeare
- Queen Elizabeth
- Francis Drake
- Ferdinand & Isabella
- Columbus
- Pocahantas
- The Empires of Exploration (Spain, Portugal, France, England)
- the new age of trade (east indies, west indies)
- Ignatius Loyola & rise of Jesuits
- St. Edmund Campion
- Guy Fawkes (in socks, with bomb in box...)
- Lady Jane Grey
- Pilgrims
- Virginia & Jamestown
- Galileo
- Turkey and the Ottomans
- Siege of Vienna
- Siege of Malta
- Kepler
- Lepanto
- English Civil War
- Newton
- Opera
- Classical music
- Louis XVI
- the 30 Years War
- Salem Witch Trials
- the Peace of Westphalia
- The 'Glorius Revolution' and the Jacobites
- Russia under Peter the Great
- Dr. Samual Johnsn and the first English Dictionary
- Frederick the Great of Prussia
- Seven Years War/French and Indian War
Book Four: 1776 to Present
- The 13 Colonies
- Lives of the founders:
- George Washington
- Benjamin Franklin
- Thomas Jefferson
- John Adams
- ???
- The Declaration of Independence & Revolution
- no taxation without representation
- Boston tea party
- Paul Revere
- The shots heard round the world
- the declaration of indepence
- the revolutionary war
- a new nation
- the consitutional convention
- The French Revolution & Napoleon
- Louis XVI
- the 'Englightenment'
- The French Revolution
- The Reign of Terror
- Napoleon
- Admiral Nelson
- Duke Wellington
- the "Pax Britannica"
- Later 19th Century
- Industrial revolution
- Queen Victoria
- abolition in Britain
- the Irish Potato Famine
- Australia & New Zealand
- India
- The California gold rush
- Revolutions of 1848
- the British Empire
- Charge of the Light Brigade
- reform in Russia
- decline of the Ottoman Empire
- Charles Dickens
- The American Civil War
- slavery
- Abraham Lincoln
- Frederick Douglas
- secession
- civil war
- reconstruction
- emancipation proclamation
- Even Later 19th Century
- Meeting with the East: Trade with China and the Opening of Japan
- Trans continental railroad
- labor movement
- industrialization
- 20th Century
- Wright Brothers
- G.K Chesterton
- World War I
- Russian Revolution & Communism
- Laurence of Arabia and the search for Arab Freedom
- Irish Revolution & Independence
- the Jazz Age
- the Great Depression
- the rise of Nazism and Fascism
- Stalin
- World War II
- the Iron Curtain
- founding of the state of Israel
- communism in China
- Korean War
- anti-communism in the US
- spies in the cold war
- Vietnam War
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